Energy Systems: Physiological characterization

 Energy Systems: Physiological characterization of energy systems in athletics

 Introduction

Energy Systems, Introduction  According to Canete (1991) It is known to everyone that athletics has its emergence with man's existence, since the natural movements that he performed for his subsistence such as walking, running, jumping, or throwing, today are part of the competitive system of this sport; with their corresponding technical requirements and duly regulated " Energy Systems

The field and track have been called "Sports King" and it is because the rest of the sports or sports games take from it, essential elements for their preparation.

Athletics is a sport that is made up of a total of 47 disciplines that take place on the field or track as the case may be. This large number of disciplines are grouped according to characteristics in 5 areas which will be detailed below. Energy Systems

But to achieve results in each of these areas, adaptive changes are needed. Unlike other spheres of human activity that are characterized by the necessary adaptation to extreme conditions, the athlete adapts to increasingly complex conditions. Each stage of the improvement of the long sport, during the year during a macrocycle, each of the competitions poses to the athlete they need to jump, to dialectically deny the level already achieved in the adaptation reactions, this places special demands on the human organism. Energy Systems

In the typical muscular activities of the so-called “sprints”, characterized by a production of force close to the maximum, such as sprinting, as well as in the modalities of swimming of short distances (50 and 100 meters), it is obvious that that most of the energy needs can be satisfied at the expense of the phosphagen system, as well as by the Lactaid.

 

Developing

According to Platonov (1974), “the prolonged maintenance of a high level of the adaptation reactions of modern sport characterizes the final stage of a long preparation where it is necessary to maintain the highest level achieved and carries a specific character. The highest level of adaptation of the functional systems of organisms in response to exciting, prolonged, 

intense, and diverse can be maintained only by applying heavy maintenance loads. And at this point, the problem arises that consists of looking for a load system that allows maintaining the level of adaptation reached and that at the same time does not cause exhaustion and wear on the structures of the body that are responsible for adaptation. Energy Systems

In this approach, we observe the importance of knowing the physiological characteristics of each athletic modality and the energy sources necessary to ensure muscular activity.

According to Beldarrain (2005), “the organism needs the continuous contribution of chemical energy to carry out its different functions. All sports gestures are performed thanks to the ability we have to obtain energy from nutrients (nutrient is any chemical substance usable by the body), which are extracted from food, to convert them into mechanical energy in the muscles involved ".

The muscular system transforms chemical energy into mechanical energy. But for it to carry out muscle contraction, two things are necessary: the existence of a nervous stimulus that excites the muscle and the presence of chemical energy that can be used by the muscle fiber, according to Pancorbo (2002). See figure 1.

 

Muscle contraction is only possible through this transformation of energy.

 

The first law of thermodynamics says that energy is neither created nor destroyed, it only transforms. Depending on the activity that we are going to develop, the energy needs will take one form or another. For example, when we move, energy is in its mechanical and thermal form, and rest allows the reconstruction of chemical energy.

Fundamentally in the area of vertical jumps, where the high jump and the pole vault are found for both sexes, in addition to horizontal jumps such as the long jump and the triple jump, the discipline of throws, such as the impulse of the bullet. , the hammer and the javelin are sports according to Zimkin (1975), acyclic with the use of rapid force, because in them there is a difference in the sequence of movements to be performed. In these events, energy is obtained anaerobically, through the flaccid energy system, or phosphagens.

According to Pancorbo (2002), when an activity is very vigorous, the stored ATP and CRP are used first, (Anaerobic flaccid), if the exercise is prolonged, the anaerobic lactacid formation of ATP is used, finally, if the duration is longer. , we proceed to the oxidation of fat and glucose (aerobic).

In the speed area which is divided into hurdles and flat races, within flat races we find the 100 meters, 200, 400 flat meters, in addition to the 4x100 meters, 4x400 meters relay admitted for both sexes, from the physiological point of view they are classified as cyclical according to Zimkin (1975), as are the races of the background area since they are characterized by a strict continuity of movement, which is formed according to a dynamic motor stereotype, conditioned by a system of nervous processes that control movements.

In hurdles races, we find the 100 meters with hurdles for women, the 110 meters with hurdles for men, and the 400 meters with hurdles for sexes, these races are classified from the physiological point of view as a combined cycle, since in their structure they have races, that is to say, consecutive movement, and jumps. In these races, energy is obtained by the anaerobic route through the lactacid and lactacid energy systems.

As in the background area where in the first moments of initiation of the activity the energy will be obtained through the anaerobic route, but the aerobic route will predominate in the extension of the exercise. In this area, we can find the semi-distance races such as 800 meters, and 1500 meters and the long-distance races that range from 3000 meters onwards.

Finally, the multiple event areas combine several athletic disciplines with differences according to sex, this area is classified as a combined cycle due to the variety of events that we observe in them, where the energy will be obtained by the two known metabolic pathways.

Based on the above and following Pancorbo (2002) we can say that when the duration increases and the intensity decreases, as occurs in short-duration tests, 400-800 meters, it depends on the anaerobic metabolism of the lactacid, followed immediately by the lactacid. . When the duration exceeds 90 "(seconds), aerobic metabolism is also used. See table 1.