Energy Systems Physiological: Regarding anaerobic energy systems
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Alactacid Energy Systems |
Energy System, Regarding anaerobic energy systems; We must point out that the phosphagen (known as ATP-CRP) shows its action in fast-strength sports activities that are characterized by their explosiveness (in general, those that do not exceed a few seconds, in which maximum force and as quickly as possible), for this reason, it is the system with the highest energy power, but instead the one with the least energy capacity. We could add that with the same speed that ATP is degraded during muscle contraction, it is resynthesized from CRP (that is why it is known as the ATP-CRP system, since each mole of degraded CRP resynthesizes one mole of ATP, providing its hydrolysis an energy equivalent to approximately 10.5 Kcal.)
The immediate source of energy for muscle contraction is ATP. However, the total amount of ATP inside the muscle cell is limited, so it only allows a 2-second exercise at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption or a single vertical jump.
Therefore, inside the muscle, a series of processes take place to resynthesize the decomposed ATP. The first process that starts when there are energy needs to re-form ATP is the destruction of phosphocreatine (which is also a high-energy compound):
The use of phosphocreatine, in the formation of ATP, does not begin when the ATP stores have been depleted but begins as ATP begins to be used.
The rate of ATP resynthesis in this type of metabolism is very high (the energy per unit of time that it is capable of forming is very high), but the total amount of energy that it is capable of forming is very small. The depletion of this system is due to the decrease in the energy substrate so that if the phosphocreatine deposits are depleted, the process cannot continue. The muscle reserves of PrC can be fully used (those of ATP, not), which represents a sufficient capacity to maintain the level of ATP production for about 20-30 seconds at 70% of maximum oxygen consumption. However, for maximum sprinting exercise, those reserves are depleted in less than 10 seconds.
This anaerobic pathway of ATP resynthesis allows us to carry out sporting events with maximum power and of short duration, such as a 100-meter race, long jump, high jump, discus throw, javelin, hammer, among other events. Therefore, it allows us to break inertia, that is, to quickly go from rest to exercise, suddenly change the rhythm of the exercise, and accelerate to reach the goal.
Lactacid Energy Systems
On the other hand, the second anaerobic energy system is glycolytic, which in fact, because is constituted by a complex chain of reactions that consists of 11 (or 10 steps) depending on how it begins with glycogen (or glucose, respectively), is logically a slower mechanism than the previous one (since it resynthesizes ATP in a single step); and for this reason, it is characteristic of anaerobic efforts but more sustained that can exceed 30-40 seconds and remain between 1-3 minutes, its terminal product being lactic acid (or lactate), for which it is also known as the so-called lactacid mechanism. If we compare its energy power with the previous one, that is, the so-called flaccid is approximately 3 times less; but instead, its energy capacity is approximately 2.5 times greater,
In this energy system, energy (ATP) is obtained from anaerobic glycolysis, that is, from the breakdown of glycogen and glucose, obtaining 3 moles of ATP from glycogen and 2 ATP from glucose and lactate is produced. Its application to exertion can be carried out for 150 ". It is not a profitable route due to its short duration and the production of lactate, which interferes with neurometabolic function, rapidly leading to a state of fatigue.
From the beginning of muscular work together with the creatine phosphokinase reaction, the glycolysis process begins under anaerobic conditions, that is, with low partial pressures of oxygen in muscle, but with the difference that the speed of this second process at the beginning is very small. , so the energy contributions (at the beginning) are not considered. There comes a time when the energy intake of the phosphagen pathway begins to decrease and the amounts of energy produced from the lactacid pathway are already considerable.
From this process, an energy balance already studied is derived and lactic acid is obtained as a final product. The accumulation of lactic acid depends on the power and duration of the exercise. This dependence is linear, which means that as energy is being produced at a higher speed, at a higher speed lactic acid will be being formed, which increases its content in the muscle.
Lactic acid fulfills the property of dissociating in an aqueous medium:
Accumulating in large quantities, this acid varies the concentrations of H + in the intracellular medium. The variation in pH towards less basic or slightly acidic values activates the enzymes of the respiratory cycle in the mitochondria, but if the variation in pH is very large, the action of the enzymes of anaerobic processes is inhibited, for example, ATPase, creatine phosphokinase, phosphofructokinase, hexokinase, among others.
The increase in lactic acid concentrations in the sarcoplasm varies the osmotic pressure, so water reaches the interior of the muscle fibers from the intercellular medium, causing them to swell and stiffen.
Large changes in osmotic pressure in the muscles cause pain sensations.
Lactic acid diffuses easily through cell membranes, depending on the concentration gradient. The blood reaches the working muscles, which allows the lactic acid to contact the sodium bicarbonate buffer system (NaHCO3), and then a release of CO2 occurs.
The chemical reaction occurs as follows:
The greater the accumulation of lactic acid, the greater the development of muscle fatigue in the muscles. This process is important for those events of sub-maximum intensity in conditions of an inadequate supply of oxygen to the muscles, it provides us with energy from approximately 30 seconds to 2.5 minutes, reaching its maximum speed
between 20 and 40 seconds, to carry out sporting events such as swimming 200 meters, 400 and 800 meters flat, times of a basketball game, among others. With the energy contribution of this, we can also vary the speed of the exercise and accelerate when reaching the goal.
Aerobic Energy Systems
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Energy Systems Physiological: Regarding anaerobic |
When a muscle must maintain a prolonged activity performing an exercise of more than three minutes, it needs a new energy production system, which is the aerobic system and is so-called because it needs oxygen to function. The more oxygen reaches it, the more energy that muscle will be able to produce through this system, and the more performance it will develop.
In relation to the aerobic energy system, represented mainly by the aerobic oxidative processes of carbohydrates and fats, since the use of proteins is infrequent, it is necessary to clarify that in general in aerobic efforts the consumption of O2 is increased to the extent that increases the intensity of the physical load (since there is a direct relationship between the power of the load and the speed of oxygen consumption), hence why the importance of determining VO2 max. (Maximum O2 consumption) in aerobic efforts. In this case, it should be noted that regarding energy potency, as is logical to assume it is very low (4-10 times less than the phosphagen system and approximately 1.5 times less than the glycolytic system), however,
In the typical activities of resistance efforts, we can see that aerobic training induces improvements in the resistance of the body in general, which are the result of various adaptations to the stimulus of constant and systematic training, many of which occur inside the muscles and largely depend on changes in energy systems. It is necessary to highlight the fact that the particularities of aerobic training impose repeated energy demands on muscle reserves, both glycogen and fat, in such a way that it is incalculable to what extent the body adapts to this repeated stimulus to do more efficient obtaining of energy, as well as to reduce the risk of fatigue.
The longest exercise (greater than 10 minutes) requires the oxidation of carbohydrate, fatty acid, and protein reserves in the mitochondria, but always in the presence of oxygen.
Finally, it is necessary to point out the way in which each of these energy systems interacts with each other during muscular effort, and this constitutes a very important aspect to take into account because it can be modified depending on the particularities of the effort made. That is, each system is determined by its own conditions in relation to the metabolic conditions of its execution, which are defined by 2 factors:
1st. Modification of the distance (or duration) of the exercise.
2nd. Modification of the power (or speed) of the exercise.
Hence, to analyze the behavior of each energy system, it is necessary first of all to establish a correlation between the variations in the speed of the effort and the variations in the duration of the effort (that is, as the intensity of its execution increases, it will decrease the time of its execution and vice versa).
To facilitate this, 4 different areas have been defined that define the interaction between the 3 energy systems, and they are:
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